{"id":2749,"date":"2018-11-29T11:32:24","date_gmt":"2018-11-29T17:32:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/?p=2749"},"modified":"2019-03-15T13:26:21","modified_gmt":"2019-03-15T19:26:21","slug":"between-art-and-science-the-evolution-of-landscape-notion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/history-and-culture\/between-art-and-science-the-evolution-of-landscape-notion\/","title":{"rendered":"Between art and science, the evolution of landscape notion"},"content":{"rendered":"

History and Development of Landscape. 5000 a.C – 1800 d.C.<\/p>\n

The concept of landscape has a broad and interdisciplinary character, which added to its popularity in recent decades, has generated some confusion in its application.<\/p>\n

We don\u2019t live in a blank and neutral space; we don\u2019t live, we don\u2019t die, we don\u2019t love in a paper sheet rectangle. We live, die, love in a gridded, trimmed, disjointed space, with zones of light and zones of shadow, level differences, steps, holes, reliefs, hard zones and others to crumble, to penetrate, porous\u2026\u201d\u00a0(Foucault 1966)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The etymological origin of the term comes from the Latin pagus or the Anglo-Saxon Land; both roots refer to the concept of country or territory (Pickenhayn 2007).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

However the landscape as a contemporary concept consist not only of a spatial or natural entity.<\/p>\n

According to Joan Nog\u00e9 (2010), the difference between landscape and nature is that nature exists per se (by itself), while landscape exists only in its relationship with the human, in so far as he perceives and appropriates it.<\/p>\n

Therefore landscape is a social construction that embodies the human experience with the territory.<\/p>\n

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Gardens of the Versailles Palace, in France<\/p><\/div>\n

However it was not until first century AD, with the work of Marcus Vitruvius, that there is documentary evidence of urban planning as a reflection on man\u2019s interaction with the territory.<\/p>\n

Also, during the Italian Renaissance, the introduction of perspective into painting will constitute the first approach to landscape representation.<\/p>\n

In the sixteenth century in northern Europe landlords ordered paintings that capture their domains in order to display them on the walls\u00a0<\/span>of their palaces as a symbol of their power\u00a0<\/span>(Urquijo and Barrera 2009).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Within this tradition, the Flemish artists, such\u00a0<\/span>as Rubens, first introduced the landscape not as\u00a0<\/span>a background, but as a stylistic resource with its\u00a0<\/span>own expressive capacity. Hence, the Dutch term Landchap for first\u00a0time\u00a0will constitute the representation of nature (Duby 1991).<\/p>\n

In seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the landscape painting tradition is mainly\u00a0<\/span>consolidated with artists such as Claude Lorrain\u00a0<\/span>and Nicolas Poussin.<\/p>\n

Simultaneously a new profession arises from the aesthetic conception of nature. The Landscape gardeners in England or the Jardiners royales in France would start working \u00a0<\/span>for kings and nobles in the exteriors of their\u00a0<\/span>palaces according to different canons.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In France Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre, gardener of Louis XIV, constitutes a world reference building the gardens of the palaces of Versailles, Vaux-Le-Vicomte and Chantilly.\u00a0These examples, inspired by the Florentines renaissance gardens, are the materialization of the theory Le N\u00f4tre gardens.<\/p>\n

The use of plant walls which form a game perspective, the use of light and shadow, the oblique paths, the parterres, the fountains, the sculptures\u2026 all these elements make the characteristics of the French Baroque garden.<\/p>\n

Moreover, in England another stream of garden design starts with figures like Charles Kent (Rousham House gardens in Oxford) or Capability Brown (Blenheim Palace gardens in Oxfordshire).<\/p>\n

These \u201cEnglish\u201d gardens were inspired by the paintings of Poussin and Camille Corot, and intended to introduce an idealization of nature.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

English garden shapes are irregular, with \u201cwild\u201d vegetation arranged in different planes, comprising different spaces that are gradually discovered, as well as caves, temples, pavilions and statues.<\/p>\n

In 1731 Alexander Pope, English intellectual and poet, in his epistle to Lord Burton wrote a tribute to the way of working the gardens respecting the original character of the place.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

History and Development of Landscape. 5000 a.C – 1800 d.C. The concept of landscape has a broad and interdisciplinary character,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":2743,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[96],"class_list":["post-2749","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-and-culture","tag-ed-00-landscape-architecture","post_format-post-format-image"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2749"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5772,"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions\/5772"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2743"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2749"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2749"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.landuum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2749"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}